Money Can’t Buy Happiness: Using concepts from the Marxist theory to analyze Hemingway’s

The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber

Have you ever taken at look at our hollywood stars and their seemingly happy marriages? These financially well off stars appear to be somewhat caught up in their riches that it directly affect their ability to survive in healthy relationships with their spouses. Lets take for example Kim Kardashian who pulled off the grandest event of the year; her wedding to an equally rich man. Her relationship sadly never lasted beyond seven two days. Yet, one would think that this marriage is going to last since they appeared to have had everything anyone could ever ask for. However, missing from this marriage was happiness, and sad to say, your riches do not define your happiness. Happiness is a feeling of content that comes from within after you have accepted yourself for being you, this way you can share these feelings with others. This was however not the case in Ernest Hemingway’s The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber where two wealthy people struggled to survive in a nonfunctional marriage. Using concepts from the marxist theory one will examine the effects of capitalism on the lives of these characters.

Lois Tyson believes that our socio economic existence determine how power is distributed. It also determines, “how we are educated, and it influences our religious beliefs, which altogether control to a great degree how we perceive ourselves and our world” (53). To counter this, marxist theorist supports a society with no class by claiming that the world we live in promotes ideologies which divide society. Some of the basic concepts described by this theory include classism and capitalism. Marxist theorist believe that capitalism promotes greed among its people, for we constantly compete with each other for wealth. Additionally, classism has the same effect on our society as it merely divides us into groups based on how much money we have and the luxuries we can afford.

Tyson describes classism as “the belief that our value as human beings is directly related to the social class to which we belong: the higher our social class, the higher our natural, or inborn, superiority” (55-56). In Hemingway’s piece we can definitely see classism being played out. For instance, Francis Macomber and wife Margot Macomber, travel to Africa for a getaway. As a recreational activity, they enjoyed regular hunting of the wildlife's there. This emphasises their obvious wealth and status. Here they encounter Robert Wilson, “the white hunter” (Hemingway 1) who later on became the catalyst to their tragedy. Being in Africa is an obvious contrast to this married couples existence and only sheds more light on how classism divides us. We meet native submissives, as one would call them,  who worked extremely hard to make just a little. We meet these natives who, despite the fact that beating was illegal would succumb to beating at any given time rather than being fined by their masters (2) for ill doings. This is the tragedy we face in our world today, and this is the indifference that the marxist theory wants to correct. These natives suffer inhumane treatment from their wealthy masters as they obviously belong to the struggling lower class. This therefore meant that, they cannot afford certain luxuries like their master and the Macombers. It leaves one to ponder whether there is hope for the people, who makes a living serving the elite who cares little for them.

Capitalist ideologies are also evident in Hemingway’s piece.  There are evidence of both competition and commodification. According to Tyson, “Marxist theory suggests that unrestrained competition is oppressive because it tends to ensure that the most selfish, unethical people will rise to the top, as they’re the ones willing to do whatever it takes to win” (58). Mr Macomber despite evidence of an opponent is obviously engaged in competition. He is somewhat competing with himself as though trying to overcome his fears. He is yearning for his wife’s distant affection and so on this trip he makes it a priority to prove himself worthy to her. But can we blame him, when his wife is attracted to their hunting guide? She constantly emasculates him by constantly verbally abusing him despite the presence of others (Hemingway 1-3).

Mrs. Macomber also engages in competition for affection despite the fact that she searches for it in the wrong places. Her constant infidelities are no secret to the readers and sadly to her husband. Mrs. Macomber hopes for a man unlike her husband; one who is physically strong and appealing; the few qualities lacking of her husband. She found all of these qualities in Wilson, who one night she ran off to sleep with (Hemingway 12). She in no way tries to conceal her wrong doings, it is as though she is hosting a competition where deep down she hopes her husband might come out victorious. After her husband again, failed at killing one of the wild life’s she did not hesitate to show her resentment. When he places his hand on his wife she quickly removes it they later turns to Wilson and kisses him on the mouth (Tyson 10).

Tyson describes a commodity as “anything that has a price tag”. He further continues to state that “we commodify something when we relate to it in terms of how much money it’s worth or put another way, how much money it can be exchanged for” (58). In Hemingway’s piece, Mr Macomber commodifies his wife's beauty. He sees his wealth as staking claim to her for he believes that they have survived this long due to his money. Mrs Macomber some what share the same belief only that she believes that her husband will never leave her due to her beauty (Hemingway 11).

Tyson, Louis. "Using Concepts from Marxist Theory." Learning For A Diverse World. Routledge, 2001. 53-61. Print.

Hemingway, Ernest. The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. The Finca Vigia Edition ed. New York,NY: Simon Schuster, 1992. Print.

Like Father; Like Son: Analyzing father-son relations in “Things Fall Apart”

by Chinua Achebe   

The people we are surrounded by as children evidently impact the person we grow up to be. This is especially true for father-son relationships where the son looks up to his father as a positive role model in his life. In essence, this therefore affects the way we eventually raise our own children. Naturally, influences can either be positive or negative; they can either be strong ones or weak ones. In “Things Fall Apart” by Chinua Achebe, we are introduced to a young Okonkwo whose father (Unoka) has strongly influenced his son’s values and belief systems both positively and negatively. Likewise, the way Okonkwo interpreted his father's role in his life has seriously affected the decisions he later makes when raising his own sons.

Every son’s dream is to have a father who has worked hard to provide financially and emotionally to their needs. They look up to their fathers for a sense of security. This was however not the case for Okonkwo. Everything that he has accomplished in his life was through his hard work and strive for a better life for as Achebe accounts “anyone who knew his grim struggle against poverty and misfortune could not say he had been lucky. If ever a man deserved his success, that man was Okonkwo” (27).  Okonkwo did not have that positive figure of a father while growing up and naturally this was his motivation for working so hard. Unoka was a lazy, poor man who accomplished nothing in life, and as Achebe puts it he was “quite incapable of thinking about tomorrow” (4). He was a shame to his son and his impotence was often chastised by others, notably by the Agbala, who at that time was a priestess called Chiaka. Disgusted by his impotency, she in no doubt failed to drastically compare him to his hard working neighbours. She finally dismissed him saying “go home and work like a man” (Achebe 18). Unoka was someone who owed large amounts of money to almost everyone in his neighbor yet his talent for words allowed him to borrow even more. He had no title or wives; attributes synonymous with wealth. Also, he did not own lands and when he eventually died it was as though his son was forced to mature beyond his years since he had to care for his mother and sisters at such tender age.

Witnessing this, Okonkwo wanted no attachment with his father and so he grew up to “hate everything that his father Unoka had loved. One of those things was gentleness and another was idleness” (Achebe 13). He was extremely determined to be successful despite the way he grew up. His struggle was indeed admirable for he aimed to be nothing like his coward father. His father was often described as weak and this was Okonkwo’s motivation in life, he wanted to be everything that his father was not. This lack of a positive fatherly influence in his life caused him to resent his father more, even in death. He had eventually died of stomach swellings which in the village was an abomination. Luckily for Okonkwo, you were not judged based on your family’s reputation but merely on your own abilities and this was when he got that start to life.

Okonkwo’s fathers’ failure dictated the rest of his life. Okonkwo was so obsessed with trying to avoid his father's traits that it caused him the chance to fully embrace the joys of life. He allowed anger to take over his life and became extremely emotionless, cold hearted and constantly displaying a lack of empathy thereof. These were traits he did not associate with his father, since these were believed to be traits that a woman should possess. He has now created a name for himself however his road to downfall is not quite distant. He becomes obsessed with always appearing “manly” that it has affected his relationship with his own children. His problem was the fact that he wanted to be polar opposites to his dad, no matter the cause. However, he took extreme measures to ensure this. He was impulsive to act and never missed the opportunity to shape his sons in his own image and when his sons were lazy in his eyes, he laments “I will not have a son who cannot hold up his head in the gathering of his clan. I would sooner strangle him with my own hands” (Achebe 33).

Okonkwo’s downfall began following the adoption of Ikemefuna, who spent three years in his care. They eventually grew fond of each other; they somewhat developed a father-son bond. His biggest regret would definitely be from partaking in Ikemefuna’s killing. How can a man, who has grown to love this boy take part in his murder? The answer is simple, Okonkwo did not want to be weak, like his father was. Little did he realize that this decision has affected his relationship with his biological son Nwoye, who had grown fond of Ikemefuna. Eventually, all of Okonkwo’s impulsive decisions drove his son further and further away from him.

The highlight of Okonkwo’s relationship with his son was following his return to the Umuofia after being exiled for seven years for “accidentally” killing someone. Upon his return, Okonkwo was greeted by many changes to the culture he once grew to deeply respect, that is, christian missionaries were taking over and were preaching christianity to the people. Their efforts were becoming successful since villagers were rapidly converting to christianity. Okonkwo felt further betrayed when his own son, Nwoye eventually joins the missionaries who preached that they “have been sent by this great God to ask you to leave your wicked ways and false Gods and turn to him so that you may be saved when you die” (Achebe 145). Okonkwo was obviously distraught by his son’s decision which he refers to as an “abomination”. He continues to state to his other children that Nwoye “is no longer my son or your brother. I will only have a son who is a man, who will hold his head up among my people” (Achebe 172). He then continues by hoping that his daughter Ezinma was a boy for “of all his children she alone understood his every mood” (Achebe 172).

One can certainly infer that Okonkwo’s obsession of not wanting to be like his father eventually caused him in the end to be an unhappy man. He has lost the very things he tried to draw close, yet what he failed to realize is that a child’s influence come through guidance and not by having parents dictate their lives. In his case, he had a father who on occasions offered words of advice to him, yet he was more caught up by the fact that his father was only known for his use of words and not action. Indeed, words go a long way even if we are likely to model what we see than what we hear.  His situation is indeed a sad one, for the very thing he tried to avoid is what he got in the end. His death, like his father was an abomination in the sight in the Igbo culture. Okonkwo’s initial response to his father’s lack of fathering was indeed credible, however he was too caught up with being perfect that in the end he ended up just like his father.

Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York: Anchor Books, 1994. Print.

TAKE HOME QUIZ

The Ending: Okonkwo’s father, Unoka has greatly impacted his son’s life causing him to be everything that his father was not. That is, a weak, lazy, poor, coward man who died a dishonorable death;  one viewed by the village as an abomination. Naturally, every decisions made by Okonkwo then on was to ensure that he does not end up like his father. One can definitely infer that Okonkwo’s startling demise was somewhat foreshadowed at the beginning of the novel where he constantly tried to maintain his reputation of strong and brave, unlike his dead father. We saw him trying too hard with his sons by trying to shape them in his own image. The killing of Ikemefuna; a boy who he cared for and one who looked up to him as a father, served as the catalyst for Okonkwo’s eventual downfall. He can certainly be described as a tragic hero for he allowed his obsession of  constantly being viewed as a strong man (his tragic flaw) to lead to his downfall. At the end of the novel, Okonkwo commits suicide, an act also viewed as an abomination by the villages’ customs. Sad to say that the very image he tried so hard to avoid, was the one he received in the end, his death was an abomination just like his father’s. For as the Villagers said “it is an abomination for a man to take his own life. It is an offense against the Earth, and a man who commits it will not be buried by his clansmen” (Achebe 207). Indeed, in the end, Okonkwo failed to live up to the reputation he tried to live by.

Fatherhood: Okonkwo was very determined to be successful despite the way he grew up. That is, poor with no inheritance from his father. His struggle was indeed admirable for he aimed to be nothing like his father; a lazy, poor man who managed to accomplish nothing in life but owing money to almost everyone in the village. His father was often described as weak and this was Okonkwo’s motivation in life, he wanted to be everything that his father was not. He lacked a positive fatherly influence in his life and because of this he tried to instill everything “manly” in his own children, especially his sons. Sometimes, it appears as though he tried too hard with his sons by wanting to shape them into his own image. Okonkwo acts on impulse, and when his sons were lazy in his eyes, he laments “i will not have a son who cannot hold up his head in the gathering of his clan. I would sooner strangle him with my own hands” (Achebe 33). He has in no doubt earned reputation and status in his village but his efforts to live up to others expectations caused him to commit a dishonorable act in Nwoye’s (his son) view. He has killed Ikemefuna, a boy who he raised and somewhat groomed into a positive young man causing him to jeopardize his relationship with Nwoye who once looked up to his father.

Women’s right:  Women had no rights in this society. A woman’s role in this culture was solely reserved to that only as wife and mother. They had no say in who they married and the fact that they had to happily coexist in polygamous marriages also limit their freedom. They were beaten by their husbands and had no say regarding matters of the oracle. Throughout the novel, we see women being beaten with no real consequences of the act. For example, when Okonkwo beats his wife for running off to have her hair braided, he was in no way punished for the act. In fact, what he would have been punished for was for beating his wife during the week of peace. We however see a change of events, in chapter ten when a man seeks justice after his wife and children were removed from his care. In the end, it was ruled that the wife returned to her husband for the god’s stated “go to your in-laws with a pot of wine and beg your wife to return” (Achebe 93).This however leaves me to question whether justice was served because of the fact that the wife in this case was severely beaten by her husband or because her brothers rescued her from him. For one elder stated “ I don’t know why such a trifle should come before the egwugwu” (Achebe 94).  In the end, it was felt as though the issue that was disputed was the husband’s claim for his “bride price” to be returned.

Our Wives: A Look at the Role Women Play in “Things Fall Apart” by Chinua Achebe

What startles me the most here is the role of women in this particular culture. Also, the way the justice system "dissolves" issues leaves me to ponder continuously, even about present day injustices. Okonkwo no doubt a dedicated father, seems to be trying too hard with his children by somewhat shaping them in his own image. To do this, he presents himself of strong masculine character. He disguises his real emotions behind this acceptable image of manly character in this village and thus jeopardizes essential relations with his family especially his sons. He displays this weakness following the killing of his son Ikemefuna where he does not eat or sleep well for some days. He later asks himself “when did you become a shivering old woman...you, who are known in all the nine villages for your valor in war? How can a man who has killed five men in battle fall to pieces because he has added a boy to their number? Okonkwo, you have become a woman indeed” (Chinua Achebe 65). The fact that he compares himself to a woman here, establishes how women are viewed in this small village. Women are belittled; they are beaten and are not included in meetings regarding matters of their Oracle. Their marriages are arranged and the only comfort they occasionally find is through bonding with each other. This is true for Okonkwo wives who console each other when one has been beaten. The justice system seems to value some acts over the others. For example, Okonkwo and his family exiles to neighboring villages after he accidentally shoots Ezeudu's son at his funeral. Following this, his home, farm and animals were all burnt as a way to rid all lingering evil forces he may have left behind. However, when he beats his wives even during peace week, he is not punished. This is to say that killing someone accidentally bears more weight than beating your wife. Again, the typical role of a woman is being questioned for it seems as though they are merely there to serve the purposes of procreating, and providing domestic work as well as happily coexisting in polygamous marriages.

The point I would like to establish is that fact that being born into poverty does not necessarily mean that you will be less fortunate for the rest of your life. I will support this statement by disproving the proverb which goes to say “like father like son” where in “Things Fall Apart” by Chinua Achebe we see the struggle of Okonkwo to surpass his early age poverty stricken conditions. Unlike his father, Okonkwo was very determined to be successful; he was a man of action, which at times got him into trouble because of his arrogance. Okonkwo’s father Unoka, was often described as very lazy and laidback. He was someone who owed large amounts of money to almost everyone in his neighbor yet he was talented enough with words and managed to borrow even more. They were poor, since he had no steady occupation. He didn’t have any land to farm like almost every other person in the neighborhood. Growing up and experiencing this, one will expect Okonkwo to be like his dad, but, he was exactly the opposite. And his experiences definitely motivated him to be stronger and brave unlike his dad. He’s especially showed this when he criticizes his sons for being lazy despite their age. He says “I will not have a son who cannot hold up his head in the gathering of the clan. I would sooner strangle him with my own hands” (Achebe 33).   Here he is instilling in his children the qualities that they need to be strong and successful like he is. He wants to give them what he himself never got from his father.

Never Forget Where You Came From: Using Psychoanalytic Theory to analyze “Dee” in Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use”

Every day in our lives, we meet that one person who is now a success but was extremely poor while growing up. Most of these people however share their success stories as an inspiration to others, rarely do you ever hear them put down their upbringings. The few who do put down the way they were raised are usually ashamed of it and avoid revisiting such moments in their lives. Usually they are not aware of the impact it have on others, especially their immediate family members. Little do they realize that where you have been and those who surrounded you have helped to mold you into the person you are today. We see this in Dee’s character in Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use”. Dee was able to obtain a college education despite their lack of wealth and is now a successful individual; one of the few who have forgotten where she came from. Therefore, in this piece, using psychoanalytic theories and approaches we will establish the reasons for and why Dee avoids her past life and how does her decisions reflect on others.

Dee was born to a single mother of two. Her mother never had the opportunity to be educated beyond the second grade, but was able to help raise enough money to send Dee off to “Augusta to school” (Walker 276). Dee appears to have limited contact with her family. On several occasions, she writes them, as the narrator explained, “she wrote me once that no matter where we “choose” to live, she will manage to come see us. But she will never bring her friends” (Walker 276). This shows that Dee is indeed ashamed of her past life; the life that made her the person she is today. Dee therefore uses the defense of avoidance to help her cope with these issues for according to Tyson, “we are practicing avoidance when we stay away from people, places, or situations that might stir up repressed experiences” (26). In this case, we were told that Dee never liked her living conditions while growing up, according to the narrator, “Dee wanted nice things” (Walker 276). Mama tends to have always given Dee everything she ever wanted. She was always the opportune one and so it is extremely sad for the way she now treats her family who only had her best interests at heart.

As the story developed, we see Dee also developing an insecure sense of self. According to Tyson, this occurs when we are unsure of our true selves or, it occurs when we have difficulty establishing our personal identity. Dee is portrayed to be a very confused person who does not know her true self and is somewhat in search of it. Dee eventually changes her name which had strong family heritage to “Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo”. She claims, “I couldn’t bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me” (Walker 278). She continues by reassuring them that Dee is “dead”. Therefore, we can infer that Dee changed her name to break ties to her heritage and to forget where she came from.

Psychoanalytic theory can also be used to establish Dee’s fear of intimacy issues. According to Tyson this it the “unshakeable and over powering feeling that emotional closeness will seriously damage or destroy us and that we must, therefore, protect ourselves by remaining at an emotional distance from others” (27). We see this in Dee due to the fact that she hardly visits her family. Also, when she does visit them, she coldly brushes them off and insults them with her new name and knowledge. She does not greet them either. Indeed, she fears something bigger and deeper within herself; one that she is afraid to let out. Some may ask how can you not love and care for you family especially when they paved your way to success? For Dee, it seems that success far away from her family is the best thing that could ever happen to her. She seems to have built up the defense of denial which she uses to deny her family a relationship with her.

Dee’s issues definitely affect others around her despite her carefree attitude. According to the narrator, “she used to read to us without pity; forcing words, lies, other folks’ habits, whole lives upon us two, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice”, (Walker 276). We can definitely say that Dee is partly responsible for both her mother and sisters insecurity issues for the way she goes off on them. For example, Dee ask her mother for the quilt made by past on relatives, the same ones who she claimed oppresses her, when mama notes that she wants to give it to her sister, Dee bellows, “Maggie can’t appreciate these quilts!...She’d probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use” (Walker 280). She is hereby insulting her mother’s opinion and her sister’s sense of being by inferring that she somewhat lacks intelligence and common sense. She continues her charade after her visit by addressing her sister saying, “You ought to make something of yourself too, Maggie. It’s really a new day for us. But from the way you and Mama live you’d never know it” (Walker 281). Again, she continues to insult them as though the life they live if not good enough so they ought to seek better. It is as though she tries to justify her reasons for wanting to forget where she came from.

How the text of “The Last Asset” characterizes Mrs. Newell

Mrs. Newell is undoubtedly the kind of lady who uses everything and everyone around her for self-gains. She appears to be very competitive and someone who would go above and beyond to gain and maintain social class and status. She uses her daughter to gain acceptance and to maintain in the superior class by marrying her off to a wealthy French man for as Wharton states, “what was the use of producing and educating a handsome daughter if she did not, in some more positive way, contribute to her parent’s advancement” (218). She also use her husband as an “asset” to compliment her appearance at her daughter’s wedding for according to her, “I was given to understand at once that my husband must appear-if only to establish the fact that we’re not divorced” (Wharton 224). To her everything and everyone is a commodity and wealth and class amongst her appearance matters most.

Using Marxist Theory to analyze Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use”

Marxist theorist supports a society with no class and to justify this they claim that it divides society. Some of the basic concepts described by this theory include classism and capitalism. When analyzing Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use”, some of these basic concepts can be identified. The story is set in the late 1900’s in the South. The story portrays a poor family struggling for survival. We are greeted by a single mother of two who struggles to take care of her family in the best way possible.

In everyday life, we see the effect of classism on our society; a shattered society divided by the amount of wealth one has; a society where only the richest can afford the best of everything. Likewise, in “Everyday Use”, we see how classism has affected a small struggling family. As was highlighted in the aforementioned, the Johnson family belongs to a struggling lower class. This therefore means that there is little opportunity and resources at their disposal. Luckily for Dee, she had the rare opportunity of going off to college and getting an education, unlike her sister Maggie. In every society, education is a symbol of great success; it is a symbol for social class, status and power.  Dee fails to associate herself with her family because of their lack of social class and status. One way she deals with this is by changing her name. When questioned about her decision to do this, she claims, “I couldn’t bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me” (Walker 278). The story portrays Dee to be very fortunate yet she appears to have forgotten where she came from; she has forgotten the struggles which surrounded her while growing up. Dee shows up at her mother’s home dressed in a way that not even her mother can identify. She appears selfish and undoubtedly ungrateful. The Marxist Theory therefore tries to eliminate effects of classism on society for we can identify with Maggie because of the way her sister treats her by making her feel less of a person. This is what the Marxist tries to avoid.

Capitalist ideologies can also be identified in the “Everyday Use”. For example, there was evidence of competition and the American dream. Competition in this piece is obvious even if it’s not welcomed by the opponents. In this case, Dee is always selfish towards her sister and speaks down to her intellectually even though she is aware that her sister does not understand what she speaks of. She appears to be so self-involved that she forgets others around her. For example, Dee tries to acquire some old quilts made by passed relatives and when her mother denies her the quilts claiming that she intended on giving them to her sister, Dee bellows, “ Maggie can’t appreciate these quilts!...she’d probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use” (Walker 280).

We have all heard of the American dream, some of us have even dreamt the American dream. But what really is this American dream?  According to Tyson, this is a kind of determination in all of us to strive for a better life; he calls this “rags to riches” (59). We can see how this theory plays out in the Walker’s piece. Dee has always dreamed for and hoped for a better life but her mother and sister are yet to experience this. And she appears to be extremely proud of whom she has become but still ashamed of her family, as she addresses her sister, “you ought to try to make something of yourself, too, Maggie. It’s really a new era for all of us. But from the way you and Mama still live you’d never know it” (Walker 281). Some may share these same beliefs like Dee but the Marxist strongly opposes it. They establish that everyone does not have equal opportunities or resources readily available to them; therefore, not everyone can reap the rewards. And this is the case here, for Maggie never had the opportunities like her sister did, she has never encountered that will or push to be better. Dee seems to think that her family is responsible for their being but the Marxist blames the whole concept of the American dream for this.

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To Forget Where You Came From”, using Psychoanalytic Theory to analyze “Dee” in Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use”

Alice Walker’s piece depicts a nontraditional family who struggles to exist in their own image. In this piece, the mother gives her readers an account of their struggle to survive as a family. When analyzing the story so as to gain a better understanding of the characters it was obvious that these characters are all dealing with issues identified by psychoanalytic theory. In this piece however, Dee’s character issues will be analyzed and we will establish how she indirectly affect her family members.

Dee appears to be struggling with an insecure sense of self a core issue described in Tyson's piece. We see her as a very confused person who does not know her true self and is somewhat in search of it. In the story Dee is described as the privileged one as opposed to her sister, Maggie, who neither had equal opportunities like her sister did nor was as nearly as beautiful. Dee’s mother as we were told was poor but like every other mother she found a way to ensure Dee’s success. Living away from her family, Dee eventually changes her name to "Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo”, claiming that Dee is “dead” (Walker, 278). She continues, “I couldn’t bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me” (Walker, 278). It is quite evident that she hates or heritage or is ashamed of it. Therefore when visiting her family who is responsible for her path to success, she presents herself in a completely new image, one that is distant from her true and real heritage.

Dee can also be described as having a fear if intimacy. This is due to the mere fact that she stays away from her family. We also see this when she arrives at home, her fiancé openly and warmly attempts to greet her family while Dee coldly brushes them off and insults them with her new, foreign name. She does not hug them, shake their hands or simple kiss them. Indeed, Dee fears something deep within herself, one that she is afraid to let out.

Despite all that is happening, Dee deals with her issues by building up her own defenses. She tend to be in denial, for she wants to believe that she was not once poor and that her mother had not bend her back backwards so as to give her the life she now proudly shows off. Hence, Dee avoids visiting her family because of those memories left behind, including the house fire. In an attempt to displace her own experiences, Dee, is negative towards her heritage, her mother and her sister.

Dee’s issues obviously affect others around her. Her sister Maggie, who also has a sense of insecurity and Dee, is somewhat responsible for this. This is traced back to the house fire that occurred decades ago which is responsible for the bodily burns she now wears. Due to this, Maggie is jealous of her sister, as her mother states, “Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes” (Walker, 274).  Maggie’s feelings stem deeper from just her appearance, it is believed that she is insecure about who she is because of the way her sister treats her less than a person. Dee constantly shuns her sister and talks down to both her sister and mother even if she is aware that they do not understand what she speaks of.

Dee’s character also impacts her mother causing her to develop a fear of abandonment. Although her daughter is supposed to be getting married, Mama still hopes for long term attachment to her daughter. It is as though she fears that Maggie cannot survive beyond their enclosed world. But can we blame her, when the only daughter she has helped to become who she is today has completely turned her backs on them. There is also the tendency that mama is avoiding the readers by failing to express her true feelings. She is hereby telling us about her children’s issues but yet she does not let us in to her soul, so that we can sympathize with her. It is as though she too is ashamed of who her daughter has now become and it appears as though she may have regretted how she unfairly raised her daughters.

               

Psychoanalytic Theory in "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber" by Ernest hemingway

In “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber” by Ernest Hemingway, we are greeted by characters who encounter several core issues according to the Psychoanalytic theory. As a result, these characters put up defenses when faced with these issues. The two main characters to be analyzed are Francis Macomber and wife Margaret Macomber.

            Mr. Macomber is dealing with the issue of insecure sense of self. This is evident in his lack of confidence and the way he allows others to take control of him especially his wife. We also see the way Mr. Macomber gains instant gratification after shooting the buffalo; this is to show that he is finally becoming the person he aspires to be. Mr. Macomber is also dealing with a fear of abandonment for it is indicated in the story that he thinks that his wife will never leave him because of his wealth. Likewise, he claims that he can never leave her because of her beauty. We see how insecure he became after waking up during the night and not finding his wife next to him, only to find out that she was having an affair. It is also indicated that his wife has cheated several times prior to the trip which was supposed to rekindle their relationship The fact that he never leaved her proves that he has a fear of abandonment

All these issues contribute to his apparent low self-esteem and state of denial. His low self-esteem is especially evident throughout the hunt where he habitually runs away from the lion as though he was running away from his self. This also symbolizes his wife’s dominancy over him. His denial state is established by the fact that he hoped that the trip will fix his marital issues. It is as though he is trying to forget his wife’s past affairs yet here he is, reliving yet another one.

Mrs. Macomber as we see also deals with a fear of abandonment. She too fears her husband leaving her despite the very things she do to somewhat trigger it. Since her husband’s wealth is the only attachment she has to this marriage, she constantly reminds us that this is what she fears to lose most.

Mrs. Macomber avoids dealing with her marital issues through her infidelities. It is as though she seeks satisfaction outside her marriage because these men somewhat represent the husband she wants to have but does not. This is evident towards the beginning of the story where she removes herself from the table because she was embarrassed for her husband’s lack of bravery. She also displaces some of her own negative feelings onto her husband by being extremely condescending and demanding. She deals with his incompetency by kissing another man in front of him and slipping out of their bed during the middle of the night.

Using Concepts from Psychoanalytic Theory to interpret literature

When applying Psychoanalytic Theory to “Everyday Use”, it is quite evident that most of the characters display some form of dysfunctional behavior. According to the author, everyone experience events that alter our emotions. Most times, we tend to deal with these experiences by repressing them so that we avoid dealing with these problems.

 In Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use”, we see two sisters possessing some of the core issues as described by the Psychoanalytic Theory. Dee, who changes her name to “Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo”, can be described as having an insecure or unstable sense of self.  It is evident that Dee or Wangero hates her heritage or maybe is ashamed of it. Therefore, when visiting her family, who is responsible for her path to success; she presents herself with a completely new image, one that is distant from her real and true heritage. She is dressed in loud colors with earrings dangling down to her chest, an image not even her mother could have recognized. The fact that she also changes her name shows that she has a problem finding her true self. Dee asks her mother for her churn and quilt but yet this is the same Dee, who before told her mother that she changed her name because she didn’t want to be associated with the people who oppressed her, the same people who made these items.

Maggie, on the other hand, possesses a very low self-esteem. This is traced back to the house fire that occurred decades ago which is responsible for the bodily burns she now wears. Maggie is obviously jealous of her sister as described by her mother who says that Maggie will continue to be nervous until her sister leaves. She hides in corners hopelessly for she is ashamed of her scars. But can we really blame her for being this way when her sister shuns them and shows off a knowledge they didn’t comprehend?

Dee deals with these issues by building up her own defenses. She tend to be in denial, for she wants to believe that she was not once poor and that her mother did not bend her back backwards to give her the life she now has. Hence, Dee avoids visiting her family because of those memories left behind, including the house fire. In an attempt to displace her own experiences, Dee, is negative towards her heritage, her mother and her sister. She believes that her sister is incapable of appreciating the quilt claiming that they know nothing about it.